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A combined authority is a type of local government institution introduced in England outside Greater London by the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009. There are currently five such authorities, with the Greater Manchester Combined Authority established on 1 April 2011, and four others established in April 2014. Combined authorities are created in areas where they are considered likely to improve transport, economic development and regeneration. Combined authorities are created voluntarily and allow a group of local authorities to pool appropriate responsibility and receive certain delegated functions from central government in order to deliver transport and economic policy more effectively over a wider area. == History == Following the abolition of metropolitan county councils, and the Greater London Council, in 1986, England had no local government bodies with strategic authority over the major urban areas of the country. In 1999, following a successful referendum, the Labour government created a strategic authority for London (the Greater London Authority), but no bodies were established to replace the metropolitan county councils outside London. The Blair government instead pursued the idea of elected Regional Assemblies, although following an unsuccessful referendum in the most positive region of the North East, this idea now has few proponents. The idea of city regions was proposed subsequently. Out of the Lisbon Treaty (the European Constitution) the European Commission developed its "Europe 2020" ten year strategy to implement European headline social and environmental policies and further EU socio-economic and territorial cohesion at regional level. The Committee of the Regions was tasked to “develop a culture of ‘multi-level’ and ‘multi-actor’ governance in Europe”. The Coalition Government introduced "carrot and stick" measures to devolve power to the regions and implement "Europe 2020" strategy. The Localism Act 2011 was passed. Part 2 gives the European Commission powers to fine local and regional authorities for non-compliance with EU policies and objectives. Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg was tasked to replace former Regional development Agencies with EU compliant Local Enterprise Partnerships in order to “maximise value and take the opportunity to look again at key European funding for economic development””. In 2010 the Government accepted a proposal from the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities to establish a Greater Manchester Combined Authority as an indirectly elected, top tier, strategic authority for Greater Manchester. Following the unsuccessful English mayoral referendums in 2012 combined authorities have been used as an alternative means to receive additional powers and funding as part of 'city deals' to metropolitan areas. In 2014 indirectly elected combined authorities were established for the metropolitan counties of South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, and two combined authorities were established which each covered a metropolitan county and adjacent non-metropolitan districts: the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority for Merseyside and the Borough of Halton unitary authority, and the North East Combined Authority for Tyne and Wear and the unitary authorities of County Durham and Northumberland. A further combined authority is proposed for the West Midlands conurbation around Birmingham. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「combined authority」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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